🌡️ 热力学工具

🌡️ 内能变化（ΔU = Q − W）First Law 热力学第一定律计算器：输入系统吸热量 Q 与对外做功 W，按 ΔU = Q − W 求内能变化，用于能量平衡分析。First Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🔲 判断是否满足集总参数法Biot Number 输入表面传热系数 h、特征长度 L 与材料导热系数 k，计算毕渥数 Bi，据此判断物体是否满足集总参数法（Bi<0.1），用于瞬态导热近似分析。Biot Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 卡诺效率（η = 1 − T_c / T_h）Carnot Efficiency 卡诺热机效率计算器：输入高低温热源温度，按 η = 1 − T_c/T_h 求理想热机最大效率，用于热力学循环分析。Carnot Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🥞 双层复合壁总热阻与热流Thermal Resistance Series 输入两层材料的厚度、导热系数与共同面积，计算各层热阻与串联总热阻，并求得给定总温差下的稳态热流，用于复合墙体保温设计。Thermal Resistance Series - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🧮 多方指数 n 过程的体积功Polytropic Work 输入初末态压力 P、体积 V 与多方指数 n，计算多方过程的体积功 W，用于气体压缩、膨胀等任意指数过程的过程功积分估算。Polytropic Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 导热速率（q = k·A·ΔT / L）Heat Conduction 输入导热系数 k、截面积 A、温差 ΔT 与壁厚 L，按傅里叶定律计算一维稳态导热热流 q，用于墙体、保温层与被覆结构传热评估。Heat Conduction - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ↔️ 换热器平均传热温差Lmtd Heat Exchanger 输入换热器两端的温差 ΔT₁ 与 ΔT₂，计算对数平均温差 LMTD，用于管壳式与板式换热器的平均传热温差与换热量估算。Lmtd Heat Exchanger - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🕐 无量纲瞬态导热时间尺度Fourier Number 输入热扩散率 α、时间 t 与特征长度 L，计算傅里叶数 Fo=α·t/L²，用于判断瞬态导热的进程阶段与无量纲时间尺度比较。Fourier Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 显热（Q = m·c·ΔT）Specific Heat Q 输入质量 m、比热容 c 与温升 ΔT，计算物体升温所需显热 Q=m·c·ΔT，用于加热、冷却与恒温系统的热量负荷核算。Specific Heat Q - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 查尔斯定律计算器Charles Law 查尔斯定律计算器：在恒压下由 V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ 由已知状态求另一状态体积或温度，用于气体热膨胀计算。Charles Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 湿空气焓（h = 1.006t + w(2501 + 1.86t)）Humid Air Enthalpy 湿空气焓计算器：输入干球温度与含湿量，按 h = 1.006t + w(2501+1.86t) 求湿空气比焓，用于空调与干燥计算。Humid Air Enthalpy - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 潜热（Q = m·L）Latent Heat 输入物质质量 m 与相变潜热 L，计算熔化或汽化过程吸收或释放的热量 Q=m·L，用于制冷、蒸汽与相变储能的热量核算。Latent Heat - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 熵变（ΔS = Q_rev / T）Entropy Change 输入可逆传热量 Q_rev 与系统温度 T，按 ΔS=Q_rev/T 计算可逆相变或传热过程的熵变，用于热力学第二定律与过程可逆性评价。Entropy Change - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 💨 牛顿冷却定律的热流密度Convective Heat Rate 输入表面传热系数 h、换热面积 A 与壁面-流体温差 ΔT，按牛顿冷却定律计算对流换热功率 Q̇，用于散热器与换热器热流评估。Convective Heat Rate - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 玻意耳定律计算器Boyles Law 玻意耳定律计算器：在恒温下由 P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ 由已知状态求另一状态的压力或体积，用于理想气体状态计算。Boyles Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🎚️ 理想柴油机（定压加热）热效率Diesel Efficiency 输入压缩比 r、截止比 ρ 与比热比 γ，计算理想柴油机（定压加热）循环的热效率 η，用于内燃机循环性能对比分析。Diesel Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🗜️ 理想气体单位质量等熵压缩功Compressor Isentropic Work 输入初温 T₁、压比 P₂/P₁、比热比 γ 与气体常数 R，计算理想气体单位质量等熵压缩功 w，用于压气机、制冷与气体增压设备的功耗估算。Compressor Isentropic Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 理想气体压强（P = nRT / V）Ideal Gas Pressure 输入物质的量 n、温度 T 与体积 V（连同气体常数 R），由理想气体状态方程求气体压强 P，用于气瓶、容器与反应釜内压估算。Ideal Gas Pressure - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 理想气体可逆绝热过程温度-体积关系Adiabatic Tv 输入理想气体初态温度与体积、末态体积以及比热比 γ，依据绝热方程 T·V^(γ−1)=常数 求解末态温度，用于压缩机与膨胀机的可逆绝热过程估算。Adiabatic Tv - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🎚️ 理想汽油机（定容加热）热效率Otto Efficiency 输入压缩比 r 与比热比 γ，计算理想汽油机（定容加热）奥托循环热效率 η，用于发动机循环对比与压缩比影响分析。Otto Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ➗ 由定压比热求比热比Cp Cv Ratio 输入定压比热 c_p 与气体常数 R，计算定容比热 c_v 及比热比 γ=c_p/c_v，用于理想气体热力学性质与过程功计算前的参数准备。Cp Cv Ratio - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🔀 由系统与外界熵变求熵产Entropy Generation 输入系统熵变与热源（环境）熵变，计算总熵产 S_gen，验证是否 ≥0 以判定过程方向性与不可逆损失，用于孤立系统熵分析。Entropy Generation - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 盖-吕萨克定律计算器Gay Lussac Law 盖-吕萨克定律计算器：在恒容下由 P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ 由已知状态求另一状态压力或温度，用于封闭气体计算。Gay Lussac Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 等温膨胀功（W = nRT·ln(V₂/V₁)）Isothermal Work 等温膨胀功计算器：输入物质的量、温度与体积比，按 W = nRT·ln(V₂/V₁) 求理想气体等温可逆膨胀对外做功。Isothermal Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 线膨胀（ΔL = α·L₀·ΔT）Linear Expansion 输入线膨胀系数 α、原长 L₀ 与温升 ΔT，计算固体受热伸长量 ΔL=α·L₀·ΔT，用于管路、轨道与结构件的热胀预留间隙设计。Linear Expansion - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ↕️ 自然对流驱动力无量纲数Grashof Number 输入重力加速度 g、体膨胀系数 β、温差 ΔT、特征长度 L 与运动黏度 ν，按 Gr=g·β·ΔT·L³/ν² 计算自然对流驱动力无量纲数。Grashof Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 辐射功率（P = ε·σ·A·T⁴）Stefan Boltzmann 输入发射率 ε、表面积 A 与绝对温度 T，按斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律计算黑体或灰体辐射总功率 P，用于高温表面散热与辐射换热评估。Stefan Boltzmann - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 集总参数法的温度衰减Newton Cooling 输入初温 T₀、环境温度 T∞、冷却时间常数 k 与经过时间 t，按集总参数法计算当前温度，用于物体降温、淬火与食品冷却过程预测。Newton Cooling - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools.