🌡️ 熱力學工具

🌡️ 內能變化（ΔU = Q − W）First Law 熱力學第一定律計算器：輸入系統吸熱量 Q 與對外做功 W，按 ΔU = Q − W 求內能變化，用於能量平衡分析。First Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🔲 判斷是否滿足集總引數法Biot Number 輸入表面傳熱係數 h、特徵長度 L 與材料導熱係數 k，計算畢渥數 Bi，據此判斷物體是否滿足集總引數法（Bi<0.1），用於瞬態導熱近似分析。Biot Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 卡諾效率（η = 1 − T_c / T_h）Carnot Efficiency 卡諾熱機效率計算器：輸入高低溫熱源溫度，按 η = 1 − T_c/T_h 求理想熱機最大效率，用於熱力學迴圈分析。Carnot Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🥞 雙層複合壁總熱阻與熱流Thermal Resistance Series 輸入兩層材料的厚度、導熱係數與共同面積，計算各層熱阻與串聯總熱阻，並求得給定總溫差下的穩態熱流，用於複合牆體保溫設計。Thermal Resistance Series - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🧮 多方指數 n 過程的體積功Polytropic Work 輸入初末態壓力 P、體積 V 與多方指數 n，計算多方過程的體積功 W，用於氣體壓縮、膨脹等任意指數過程的過程功積分估算。Polytropic Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 導熱速率（q = k·A·ΔT / L）Heat Conduction 輸入導熱係數 k、截面積 A、溫差 ΔT 與壁厚 L，按傅立葉定律計算一維穩態導熱熱流 q，用於牆體、保溫層與被覆結構傳熱評估。Heat Conduction - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ↔️ 換熱器平均傳熱溫差Lmtd Heat Exchanger 輸入換熱器兩端的溫差 ΔT₁ 與 ΔT₂，計算對數平均溫差 LMTD，用於管殼式與板式換熱器的平均傳熱溫差與換熱量估算。Lmtd Heat Exchanger - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🕐 無量綱瞬態導熱時間尺度Fourier Number 輸入熱擴散率 α、時間 t 與特徵長度 L，計算傅立葉數 Fo=α·t/L²，用於判斷瞬態導熱的程序階段與無量綱時間尺度比較。Fourier Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 顯熱（Q = m·c·ΔT）Specific Heat Q 輸入質量 m、比熱容 c 與溫升 ΔT，計算物體升溫所需顯熱 Q=m·c·ΔT，用於加熱、冷卻與恆溫系統的熱量負荷核算。Specific Heat Q - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 查爾斯定律計算器Charles Law 查爾斯定律計算器：在恆壓下由 V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ 由已知狀態求另一狀態體積或溫度，用於氣體熱膨脹計算。Charles Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 溼空氣焓（h = 1.006t + w(2501 + 1.86t)）Humid Air Enthalpy 溼空氣焓計算器：輸入乾球溫度與含溼量，按 h = 1.006t + w(2501+1.86t) 求溼空氣比焓，用於空調與乾燥計算。Humid Air Enthalpy - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 潛熱（Q = m·L）Latent Heat 輸入物質質量 m 與相變潛熱 L，計算熔化或汽化過程吸收或釋放的熱量 Q=m·L，用於製冷、蒸汽與相變儲能的熱量核算。Latent Heat - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 熵變（ΔS = Q_rev / T）Entropy Change 輸入可逆傳熱量 Q_rev 與系統溫度 T，按 ΔS=Q_rev/T 計算可逆相變或傳熱過程的熵變，用於熱力學第二定律與過程可逆性評價。Entropy Change - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 💨 牛頓冷卻定律的熱流密度Convective Heat Rate 輸入表面傳熱係數 h、換熱面積 A 與壁面-流體溫差 ΔT，按牛頓冷卻定律計算對流換熱功率 Q̇，用於散熱器與換熱器熱流評估。Convective Heat Rate - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 玻意耳定律計算器Boyles Law 玻意耳定律計算器：在恆溫下由 P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ 由已知狀態求另一狀態的壓力或體積，用於理想氣體狀態計算。Boyles Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🎚️ 理想柴油機（定壓加熱）熱效率Diesel Efficiency 輸入壓縮比 r、截止比 ρ 與比熱比 γ，計算理想柴油機（定壓加熱）迴圈的熱效率 η，用於內燃機迴圈效能對比分析。Diesel Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🗜️ 理想氣體單位質量等熵壓縮功Compressor Isentropic Work 輸入初溫 T₁、壓比 P₂/P₁、比熱比 γ 與氣體常數 R，計算理想氣體單位質量等熵壓縮功 w，用於壓氣機、製冷與氣體增壓裝置的功耗估算。Compressor Isentropic Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 理想氣體壓強（P = nRT / V）Ideal Gas Pressure 輸入物質的量 n、溫度 T 與體積 V（連同氣體常數 R），由理想氣體狀態方程求氣體壓強 P，用於氣瓶、容器與反應釜內壓估算。Ideal Gas Pressure - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 理想氣體可逆絕熱過程溫度-體積關係Adiabatic Tv 輸入理想氣體初態溫度與體積、末態體積以及比熱比 γ，依據絕熱方程 T·V^(γ−1)=常數 求解末態溫度，用於壓縮機與膨脹機的可逆絕熱過程估算。Adiabatic Tv - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🎚️ 理想汽油機（定容加熱）熱效率Otto Efficiency 輸入壓縮比 r 與比熱比 γ，計算理想汽油機（定容加熱）奧托迴圈熱效率 η，用於發動機迴圈對比與壓縮比影響分析。Otto Efficiency - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ➗ 由定壓比熱求比熱比Cp Cv Ratio 輸入定壓比熱 c_p 與氣體常數 R，計算定容比熱 c_v 及比熱比 γ=c_p/c_v，用於理想氣體熱力學性質與過程功計算前的引數準備。Cp Cv Ratio - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🔀 由系統與外界熵變求熵產Entropy Generation 輸入系統熵變與熱源（環境）熵變，計算總熵產 S_gen，驗證是否 ≥0 以判定過程方向性與不可逆損失，用於孤立系統熵分析。Entropy Generation - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 蓋-呂薩克定律計算器Gay Lussac Law 蓋-呂薩克定律計算器：在恆容下由 P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ 由已知狀態求另一狀態壓力或溫度，用於封閉氣體計算。Gay Lussac Law - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 等溫膨脹功（W = nRT·ln(V₂/V₁)）Isothermal Work 等溫膨脹功計算器：輸入物質的量、溫度與體積比，按 W = nRT·ln(V₂/V₁) 求理想氣體等溫可逆膨脹對外做功。Isothermal Work - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 線膨脹（ΔL = α·L₀·ΔT）Linear Expansion 輸入線膨脹係數 α、原長 L₀ 與溫升 ΔT，計算固體受熱伸長量 ΔL=α·L₀·ΔT，用於管路、軌道與結構件的熱脹預留間隙設計。Linear Expansion - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. ↕️ 自然對流驅動力無量綱數Grashof Number 輸入重力加速度 g、體膨脹係數 β、溫差 ΔT、特徵長度 L 與運動黏度 ν，按 Gr=g·β·ΔT·L³/ν² 計算自然對流驅動力無量綱數。Grashof Number - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 輻射功率（P = ε·σ·A·T⁴）Stefan Boltzmann 輸入發射率 ε、表面積 A 與絕對溫度 T，按斯特藩-玻爾茲曼定律計算黑體或灰體輻射總功率 P，用於高溫表面散熱與輻射換熱評估。Stefan Boltzmann - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools. 🌡️ 集總引數法的溫度衰減Newton Cooling 輸入初溫 T₀、環境溫度 T∞、冷卻時間常數 k 與經過時間 t，按集總引數法計算當前溫度，用於物體降溫、淬火與食品冷卻過程預測。Newton Cooling - free online tool. Free online tool on ToolBox — 100% client-side, no data uploaded, no install. Part of the Thermodynamics tools.