Back out the underwriting profit margin from the combined ratio.
输入赔付率与费用率,求承保利润率。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Underwriting margin | Underwriting margin = 1 − combined ratio, where the combined ratio is loss ratio plus expense ratio | NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System, 2023 |
| Break-even point | A combined ratio of 100 percent means zero underwriting profit; above 100 percent it is an underwriting loss | NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System, 2023 |
| Investment income offset | A persistently slightly above-100 combined ratio can still be profitable overall once investment income is counted | IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, par. 128 |