Underwriting profit equals premium minus claims minus expenses.
承保利润 = 保费 − 赔款 − 费用。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Underwriting result | Underwriting profit = earned premium − incurred losses − underwriting expenses | IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, par. 128 |
| Separate from investment | The underwriting result reflects insurance activity only, excluding investment return and other items | IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, par. 128 |
| Combined ratio link | Underwriting profit = earned premium × (1 − combined ratio), so the two figures cross-check | NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System, 2023 |