Estimate incurred-but-not-reported reserves from ultimate claims and paid ratio.
输入终极赔款与已付比例,求 IBNR 准备金。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Chain-ladder method | Outstanding claims = ultimate loss × (1 − paid ratio), the paid ratio derived from development factors | CAS Statement of Principles on P&C Ratemaking, Ch. 6 |
| Development factors | A development factor is the ratio of cumulative paid losses between adjacent maturities, averaged across accident years | Mack 1993, ASTIN Bulletin 23(2), distribution-free chain ladder |
| Bornhuetter-Ferguson | The Bornhuetter-Ferguson estimate applies the unpaid ratio to an a priori ultimate, damping volatility at early maturities | Bornhuetter & Ferguson 1972, PCAS LIX |