Sum the loss ratio and expense ratio to gauge underwriting profitability.
综合成本率 = 赔付率 + 费用率。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Combined ratio | Combined ratio = loss ratio + expense ratio | Casualty Actuarial Society, Fundamentals of Ratemaking |
| Profit test | Below 100% means underwriting profit, above means loss, and the gap is the margin | China Insurance Regulatory Commission, solvency rules |
| Industry reference | Property and casualty combined ratios typically swing between 95% and 105% | Casualty Actuarial Society, Fundamentals of Ratemaking |