Compute transverse magnification m = −dᵢ/dₒ, where the minus sign denotes an inverted image. For geometrical optics imaging, microscopes and projection systems.
横向放大率(负号表示倒立)。
| Item | Standard / Source | Key Point |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral magnification | Classic optics (Hecht, Optics, 5th ed.) | m = -di/do |