Derive the continuous force of mortality from the one-year survival probability.
输入一年生存概率 p_x,求死亡力 μ。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Force of mortality | Under a constant force within the year of age, μ = −ln(p) | Bowers et al. 1997, Actuarial Mathematics, Ch. 3 |
| Linear approximation | The mid-year force is μ ≈ q / (1 − q/2) with q the one-year death probability | Bowers et al. 1997, Actuarial Mathematics, Ch. 3 |
| Sanity check | μ tends to zero as p approaches one and diverges as p approaches zero, matching a non-negative unbounded force | Bowers et al. 1997, Actuarial Mathematics, Ch. 3 |