Compute the number of circular permutations of n items as (n-1)!.
输入元素个数 n,求圆排列数。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Circular permutations | The number of circular arrangements of n distinct objects is (n - 1)!, rotations identified | Brualdi RA, Introductory Combinatorics (5th ed.), Pearson |
| Reflection also identified | If reflections are identified too (e.g. necklaces), the count is (n - 1)!/2 for n >= 3 | Brualdi RA, Introductory Combinatorics (5th ed.) |
| Relation to linear permutations | Linear permutations are n!; identifying rotations divides by n, giving n!/n = (n-1)! | Brualdi RA, Introductory Combinatorics (5th ed.) |
| Convention | With 0! = 1, a single element has exactly one circular arrangement | ISO 80000-2:2019, Mathematics - General mathematical symbols |
圆排列数 A(n)=(n−1)! 表示 n 个不同元素排成圆环的不同排法;旋转后重合视为同一种。
线排列为 n!;圆排列因旋转等价需除以 n,得 (n−1)!。若翻转也等价(手镯/项链),再除以 2 得 (n−1)!/2。
座位环排、密码盘、分子构型等去旋转计数的场景。