Compute torus volume from major radius R (to tube center) and tube radius r using V = 2·π²·R·r².
输入主半径 R(到管中心)与管半径 r,求环体体积。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Torus volume | V = 2π²Rr² | Pappus centroid theorem |
| Surface area | S = 4π²Rr | Pappus theorem |
| Parameters | R major radius, r minor radius | Torus geometry |
| Pappus theorem | Volume = area × centroid path | Pappus of Alexandria |
| Degenerate case | r < R for standard torus | Geometric constraint |
| Units | Cubic length units | Dimensional rules |