Compute tracking error from a series of active returns.
输入组合与基准的超额收益序列(逗号或空格分隔),求跟踪误差。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Tracking error | Tracking error is the standard deviation of active returns, portfolio return minus benchmark return | Grinold & Kahn 2000, Active Portfolio Management, Ch. 4 |
| Annualisation | Multiply the monthly active-return standard deviation by √12 to annualise tracking error | Grinold & Kahn 2000, Active Portfolio Management, Ch. 4 |
| Relative risk | Tracking error measures deviation risk against the benchmark, index products usually keeping it below 2 percent | CFA Institute 2024, GIPS 2020, Ch. 5 |