Compute absolute bias as x − x_ref from a measured value and the reference standard value to evaluate measurement system deviation.
输入测得值与参考标准值，求绝对偏倚。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bias | Bias = xbar - x_ref, the difference between the mean measured value and the reference | ISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 1 |
| Relation to trueness | Bias quantifies trueness: smaller bias means better trueness | ISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods |
| Vocabulary source | Definitions of bias and measurement error follow the international metrology vocabulary | JCGM 200:2012, International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) |
| Correction | A known bias can be compensated by applying a correction of opposite sign | JCGM 200:2012, International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) |