Determine the required pipe diameter for pressure flow (Hazen-Williams) or gravity flow (Manning) from design flow, water temperature, pipe length and material, and recommend the next standard DN.
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pipe diameter and velocity | d = sqrt( 4 · Q / ( pi · v ) ), where Q is flow and v the design velocity | GB 50013-2018, Standard for design of outdoor water supply engineering |
| Economic velocity | Water supply pipelines are commonly designed for a velocity of about 0.6 to 1.5 m/s | GB 50013-2018, Standard for design of outdoor water supply engineering |
| Gravity flow hydraulics | Gravity sewers are sized using open-channel formulas such as Manning's | Manning R. (1891), On the flow of water in open channels and pipes |
| Pressure flow hydraulics | Pressure pipes use the Darcy-Weisbach relation for friction loss | Weisbach J. (1845), Lehrbuch der Ingenieur- und Maschinen-Mechanik |