Solve downstream velocity v2 from upstream/downstream pressure, known velocity and elevation by Bernoulli energy conservation, and read the total head difference between two points.
由上下游压强、流速、高程,按能量守恒求下游流速 v₂。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bernoulli equation | z + p/(ρg) + v²/(2g) constant along a streamline for ideal flow | Bernoulli 1738, Hydrodynamica |
| Torricelli efflux | v = √(2gh) ideal orifice velocity | Torricelli 1643 |
| Venturi metering | Q = A2√(2Δp/ρ ÷ (1−(A2/A1)²)) from throat pressure drop | ISO 5167 differential-pressure devices |
| Head loss term | Real flows add head loss hf via Darcy or minor losses | Standard hydraulics practice |