Estimate the extra fuel burnt and CO2 emitted by idling and slow traffic from congested distance and vehicle consumption.
用于评估拥堵治理的环境效益。
| Item | Formula | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Congestion f. | Delay×fuel factor | transport model |
| Emission | E = d × e × (1+k) | COPERT |
| Unit | gCO2/km·veh | emission unit |