吉布斯自由能计算器

Gibbs Free Energy Calculator

Predict reaction spontaneity from ΔG = ΔH − T·ΔS; ΔG < 0 means spontaneous at the given temperature.

📐 计算公式
吉布斯自由能判据:ΔG = ΔH − T×ΔS(kJ/mol);判据:ΔG <0 正向反应自发、ΔG >0 非自发、ΔG = 0 达到平衡。校验:无输入守卫,空值按 0 参与计算。输出:ΔG 保留 3 位小数并标注反应方向。

输入焓变、熵变与温度,求吉布斯自由能变并判断反应方向。

Formula & Standard References

Item Formula / Note Source / Standard
Gibbs energy ΔG = ΔH - T · ΔS Gibbs JW (1873), A method of geometrical representation of the thermodynamic properties of substances
Spontaneity criterion ΔG < 0 spontaneous; ΔG = 0 at equilibrium; ΔG > 0 non-spontaneous IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book)
Relation to the equilibrium constant ΔG° = -R · T · ln K Atkins PW, de Paula J, Physical Chemistry
From formation data ΔG° = sum nu · ΔG_f°(products) - sum nu · ΔG_f°(reactants) Atkins PW, de Paula J, Physical Chemistry
📌 计算说明
  • ΔG = ΔH − TΔS,单位需一致(kJ)。
  • ΔH=-100, ΔS=0.05, T=298 → ΔG≈-114.9,自发。

📐 Chemical Constants

Constants used on this page and their authoritative sources, for verification and citation

Constant Value Unit Source
Molar gas constant R 8.314462618 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ New SI (derived from exact N_A·k; this page uses 8.314)
Standard-state pressure p° 100 000 Pa IUPAC definition since 1997 (1 bar; older convention 101 325 Pa)
Standard-state concentration c° 1 mol·L⁻¹ IUPAC defining value (exact)
Celsius scale zero point T_0 273.15 K SI / ITS-90 defining value (exact)

Note: ΔG < 0 indicates thermodynamic spontaneity (the direction of the reaction) only, not a fast rate; the rate is governed by the activation energy (see the Arrhenius equation).

📚 深度解析:判断反应自发性

💡 常见使用场景

ΔH=−100 kJ/mol、ΔS=+50 J/mol·K 演练
输入 T=298K,工具输出 ΔG≈−114.9 kJ/mol,判定自发;并提示 T=2000K 为 ΔG=0 转变温度。

❓ 常见问题(FAQ)

ΔG<0 就一定能发生吗?
只代表热力学自发,速率由动力学决定,可能极慢(如金刚石→石墨)。
熵单位用 J 还是 kJ?
ΔH 用 kJ、ΔS 用 J 时 TΔS 差 1000 倍,需统一为同一能量单位。
标准态和实际情况有差吗?
实际浓度/分压用 ΔG=ΔG°+RTlnQ 修正,本工具按给定值直接算。