Predict reaction spontaneity from ΔG = ΔH − T·ΔS; ΔG < 0 means spontaneous at the given temperature.
输入焓变、熵变与温度,求吉布斯自由能变并判断反应方向。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy | ΔG = ΔH - T · ΔS | Gibbs JW (1873), A method of geometrical representation of the thermodynamic properties of substances |
| Spontaneity criterion | ΔG < 0 spontaneous; ΔG = 0 at equilibrium; ΔG > 0 non-spontaneous | IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book) |
| Relation to the equilibrium constant | ΔG° = -R · T · ln K | Atkins PW, de Paula J, Physical Chemistry |
| From formation data | ΔG° = sum nu · ΔG_f°(products) - sum nu · ΔG_f°(reactants) | Atkins PW, de Paula J, Physical Chemistry |
Constants used on this page and their authoritative sources, for verification and citation
| Constant | Value | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Molar gas constant R | 8.314462618 | J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ | New SI (derived from exact N_A·k; this page uses 8.314) |
| Standard-state pressure p° | 100 000 | Pa | IUPAC definition since 1997 (1 bar; older convention 101 325 Pa) |
| Standard-state concentration c° | 1 | mol·L⁻¹ | IUPAC defining value (exact) |
| Celsius scale zero point T_0 | 273.15 | K | SI / ITS-90 defining value (exact) |
Note: ΔG < 0 indicates thermodynamic spontaneity (the direction of the reaction) only, not a fast rate; the rate is governed by the activation energy (see the Arrhenius equation).