Estimate total training FLOPs from parameter count and training tokens using Kaplan-style scaling laws, for compute planning.
N、D 单位需一致,结果数量级参考。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Scaling law | training compute approximates six times parameters times training tokens | Kaplan et al. 2020 scaling laws |
| Coefficient origin | the factor six counts two forward and four backward multiply-adds per parameter per token | Kaplan et al. 2020 scaling laws |
| Capacity planning | total compute divided by measured accelerator throughput gives the required device hours | MLPerf training benchmark rules |