x' = x·cosθ − y·sinθ,y' = x·sinθ + y·cosθ。
x' = x·cosθ − y·sinθ,y' = x·sinθ + y·cosθ。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Rotation transform | x' = x · cos(theta) - y · sin(theta); y' = x · sin(theta) + y · cos(theta) | ISO 80000-2:2019, Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematics |
| Sign convention | theta is positive counter-clockwise, the mathematical convention | ISO 80000-2:2019, Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematics |
| Orthogonal property | Rotation preserves lengths and areas as an orthogonal transformation | ISO 80000-2:2019, Quantities and units - Part 2: Mathematics |
| Combined with translation | Rotation plus translation gives the 2D four-parameter Helmert transformation | GB 50026-2020, Code for engineering surveying |