β = Cov(r_i, r_m) / Var(r_m)。
β = Cov(r_i, r_m) / Var(r_m)。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Beta computation | β = Cov(Ri, Rm) / Var(Rm), the covariance of stock and market returns over market variance | Sharpe 1964, Journal of Finance 19(3) |
| Security market line | E(Ri) = Rf + βi × [E(Rm) − Rf], tying expected excess return linearly to beta | Lintner 1965, Review of Economics and Statistics 47(1) |
| Market proxy | Beta depends on the chosen market proxy, so different broad indices yield different estimates | Sharpe 1964, Journal of Finance 19(3) |