Compute beta from the covariance of stock and market returns and the market variance.
输入个股与市场收益率协方差、市场收益率方差,求 β。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Covariance definition | Cov(Ri, Rm) = E[(Ri − E Ri)(Rm − E Rm)], with n − 1 for samples | Bodie et al. 2014, Investments, Ch. 9 |
| Beta from covariance | β = Cov / Varm, the denominator being market variance rather than standard deviation | Sharpe 1964, Journal of Finance 19(3), CAPM |
| Risk decomposition | β measures systematic risk only; residual risk, the residual standard deviation, is diversifiable | Sharpe 1964, Journal of Finance 19(3), CAPM |