Kepler Third Period
圆轨道绕中心天体运行的周期由半长轴与中心质量决定。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kepler's third law | T² = 4π²a³/(GM) | Kepler, Harmonices Mundi, 1619 |
| Newton's derivation | Derived from gravitation + circular motion | Newton, Principia, 1687 |
Constants used on this page and their authoritative sources, for verification and citation
| Constant | Value | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gravitational constant G | 6.67430e-11 | m³·kg⁻¹·s⁻² | CODATA 2018 (this page uses the rounded 6.674e-11) |
| Heliocentric gravitational constant GM_☉ | 1.32712440018e20 | m³·s⁻² | IAU 2015 Resolution B3 nominal value (exact) |
| Geocentric gravitational constant GM_⊕ | 3.986004418e14 | m³·s⁻² | IAU 2015 nominal value |
| Astronomical unit AU | 1.495978707e11 | m | IAU 2012 Resolution B2 defining value (exact) |
| Solar mass M_☉ (= GM_☉/G) | 1.98847e30 | kg | IAU 2015 nominal value (from GM_☉ and G) |
| Julian year | 365.25 d = 31 557 600 | s | IAU defining value (exact) |
Note: GM is known far more precisely than G or M separately, so celestial mechanics uses the nominal GM value rather than G×M. This page takes the central mass M as input and computes with G = 6.674e-11.