Enter the mean, standard deviation and a value x, or a standard score z, to compute the standard normal cumulative probability P(X <= x) for probability and quantile estimates.
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| CDF definition | Φ(x) = ½[1 + erf(x ÷ √2)] using the error function | Gauss 1809 / Abramowitz-Stegun 7.1 |
| Empirical rule | 68.27% within ±1σ, 95.45% within ±2σ, 99.73% within ±3σ | Normal distribution property |
| Common table values | Φ(1.645)=0.95, Φ(1.96)=0.975, Φ(2.576)=0.995 | Standard normal table |
| Central limit theorem | Sample means approach normality with variance σ²/n as n grows | Lindeberg-Lévy CLT |