Enter observed and expected frequencies to compute the chi-square statistic and judge whether the deviation is significant, for goodness-of-fit and independence tests.
观测值与期望值偏离程度。
| Item | Formula / Note | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Chi-square statistic | χ² = Σ(O − E)² ÷ E with E = row total × column total ÷ grand total | Pearson 1900, Philosophical Magazine |
| Degrees of freedom | For independence tests df = (rows − 1) × (columns − 1) | Standard contingency-table analysis |
| Expected-count condition | All expected counts ≥1 and <5 in ≤20% of cells, else use Fisher exact test | Cochran 1954 rule |
| Cramér's V | V = √(χ² ÷ (n × min(r−1, c−1))), 0–1 association strength | Cramér 1946, Mathematical Methods of Statistics |