Estimate birthday-paradox collision probability from hash-space bits and stored item count; risk rises sharply as n approaches the square root of 2^bits.
当 n 接近 √2^bits 时碰撞概率显著上升。
| Item | Formula / Rule | Source / Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Collision probability | p ≈ 1 − exp(−n² / (2N)) with N = 2b the output space | NIST SP 800-107 Rev.1 §4 hash function security |
| Fifty-percent point | p = 0.5 needs n ≈ 1.1774 × √N, roughly 2b/2 trials | NIST SP 800-107 Rev.1 §4 birthday bound |
| Small-p approximation | For small p, p ≈ n² / (2N), growing with the square of the message count | Menezes et al., Handbook of Applied Cryptography, Ch. 2 |